When you have gained a perfect knowledge of the sounds of the letters, never guess at a word on sight, lest you get a habit of reading falsely.  Pronounce every word distinctly.  Let the tone of your voice be the same in reading as in speaking.  Never read in a hurry, lest you learn to stammer.  Read no louder than to be heard by those about you.  Observe to make your pauses  regular, and make not any where the sense will admit of none.   Suit your voice to the subject.  Be attentive to those who read well, and remember to imitate their pronun- (5) ciation.  Read often before good judges, and thank them for correcting you.  Consider well the place of emphasis, and pronounce it accordingly:  For the stress of voice is the same with regard to sentences as in words.  The emphasis or force of voice is for the most part laid upon the accented syllable; but if there is a particular opposition between two words in a sentence, one whereof differs from the other in parts, the accent must be removed from its place:  for instance, The sun shines upon the just and upon the unjust.  Here the emphasis is laid upon the first syllable in unjust, because it is opposed to just in the same sentence, without which opposition it would lie in its proper place, that is, on the last syllable, as we must not imitate the unjust practices of others.

The general rule for knowing which is the emphatical word in a sentence, is, to consider the design of the whole; for particular directions cannot be easily given, excepting only where words evidently oppose one another in a sentence, and those are always emphatical.  So frequently is the word that asks a question, as, who, what, when, &c. but not always.  Nor must the emphasis be always laid upon the same words in the same sentence, but varied according to the principal meaning of the speaker.  Thus, suppose I enquire, Did my father walk abroad yesterday?  If I lay the emphasis on the word father, it is evident I (6) want to know whether it was he, or somebody else.   If I lay it upon walk, the person I speak to will know, that I want to be informed whether he went on foot or rode on horseback.   If I put the emphasis upon yesterday, it denotes, that I am satisfied that my father went abroad, and on foot, though I want to be informed whether it was yesterday, or some time before.

There are two ways of writing on a subject, namely, in prose and verse.  Prose is the common way of writing, without being confined to a certain number of syllables, or having the trouble of disposing of the words in any particular form.  Verse requires words to be ranged so, as the accents may naturally fall on particular syllables, and make a sort of harmony to the ear:  This is termed metre or measure, to which rhyme is generally added, that is, to make two or more verses, near to each other, and with the same sound; but this practice is not absolutely necessary; for that which has no rhyme is called blank verse.

In metre the words must be so disposed, as that the accent may fall on every second, fourth, and sixth syllable, and also on the eighth, tenth, and twelfth, if the lines run to that length.  The following verse of ten syllables may serve for an example:

JAMES I. of England, arrived at London May 7, 1603, and the feast of St. James following was fixed for his coronation.   In 1604, Nov. 5, the powder plot was discovered, the memory whereof has been hitherto religiously observed [Guy Fawkes' Night; Wikipedia mentions the quote "the only man to ever enter parliament with honourable intentions"].   Among the remarkable things of this reign, may be reckoned the two visits his Majesty received from Christian IV. King of Denmark, whose sister Ann was King James's consort: the creation of a new order called Baronets, next to a Baron, and made hereditary: the fall of Lord Chancellor Bacon, and of Sir Walter Raleigh, at the instigation of the Spanish Ambassador: the office of the (32) master of the ceremonies was first established.  As to the character of this Prince, it must be confessed, that he was too much of a scholar, and too little of the soldier.  Though he was brought up in the Scotch presbytery, he thought episcopacy so necessary for the support of his crown, that he often used to say, No Bishop, No King. He died at Theobalds, March 27, 1625, in the 23rd year of his reign, and 59th year of his age.  Thus ended a peaceable but inglorious, a plentiful but luxurious reign, to make room for another more turbulent and tragical.

CHARLES I. the only son of King James, succeeded next: he was born at Dumferling, in Scotland, 1600, and crowned at Westminster, 1625.  His crown may be called a crown of thorns, as his reign ended in blood.  He married Henrietta, daughter to Henry IV. King of France, who was bigotted to the catholic religion, and gained the ascendancy over him.  His wonderful compliance with the Queen caused him to act in many respects contrary to the laws of the kingdom, and his unbounded favour to the Duke of Buckingham, incensed the people to that degree, that this favourite was afterwards stabbed by Felton, merely for the public good.  These, and such like weaknesses, made him continually at variance with the parliament, which at last broke out into a civil war.  Several battles were fought between the royalists and republicans or (33) rumps [see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rump_Parliament].  The King was taken prisoner by the Scots, who sold him to the parliament for 200,000l [pounds sterling].  Hereupon the parliament erected a high court of justice, and gave them power to try the King; and though the generality of the people were against such arbitrary proceedings, yet they arraigned him of high-treason.  The King maintained his dignity, and refusing to acknowledge the authority of these pretended judges, had sentence of death passed upon him, and was accordingly beheaded on a scaffold erected for that purpose, before the palace, Jan. 30, 1648.  In this reign two great ministers,  viz. Archbishop Laud, and the Earl of Strafford, were beheaded.

CROMWELL, one of the most considerable members of the high court who condemned King Charles, was now sent to subdue Ireland.  After which he marched against the Scots, who had taken up arms in favour of the late King.  The Dutch also, who had sent a fleet to assist the King, having met with many losses and disappointments, sued for peace, which Cromwell sold them at an exorbitant price.  Now Cromwell was made Lord Protector to the British dominions, and acted with the same authority as if he had been King.  He was a terror both to France and Spain, and died Sept. 3, 1658.  His son indeed succeeded to that high station, which his father filled with universal applause; but having neither an equal share of ambition, nor a head turned for government, modestly resigned to the right heir

CHARLES II. [referred to as the "Merry Monarch"] son of Charles I. succeeded his father, but was kept from the crown above eleven years, during which time England was reduced to a commonwealth.  The King was at the Hague when his father was beheaded.  But on his yielding to some conditions imposed on him by the kirk of Scotland, he was received by the Scots, and being crowned at Scoon [or Scone], they sent an army with him into England to recover that kingdom; which being totally defeated at Worcester, he wandered about for six weeks, and made his escape to France, then to Spain, but without any hopes of restoration, till the death of Oliver Cromwell:  when a free parliament, having met in April 1660, voted the return of King Charles II. as lawful heir to the crown.  The power of the Rump Parliament, by the conduct and courage of General Monk, had been on the decline for some time, and the King's interest greatly increased, especially in the city of London, where he was proclaimed May 8.  He landed at Dover, and made a most magnificent entry, May 29, 1660, being his birthday; and the 23d [sic] of April following, being St. George's day, he was crowned at Westminster with great state and solemnity.  Among the remarkable things of this reign, we may reckon the parting with Dunkirk to France for a paltry sum; the blowing up Tangier in the Streights, after immense sums had been expended to repair and keep it [Wikipedia: In 1679, the sultan Moulay Ismail of Morocco made an unsuccessful attempt to seize the town and maintained a crippling blockade which ultimately led to a British retreat. The British destroyed the town and its port facilities prior to their departure in 1684]; the shutting up the Exchequer when full of loans, to the (35) ruin of numerous families [eh.net encyclopedia explains: ... to free the money needed to launch his scheme (joining France against the Dutch), Charles stopped servicing many of his debts in an act called the Stop of the Exchequer, and, in Machiavellian fashion, Charles isolated a few bankers to take the loss (Roseveare 1991)]; the two Dutch wars, which ended with no advantage on either side, but served only to promote the French interest; the great plague with which this nation was visited during the first Dutch war; the fire of London that happened soon after; and the Popish plot, for which many suffered death.  On the 2d of Feb. 1684, the King fell sick of an apoplexy; he died four days after, in the 37th year of his reign, and was privately buried at Westminster.

JAMES II. succeeded his brother Charles, but proved very unfortunate to himself and his people, on account of his zeal for the Romish religion.  He invaded the rights of the universities, and made Magdalen [pronounced Maudlin] College in Oxford a prey to his violence.  He sent seven bishops as criminals to the tower, who upon trial were honourably acquitted.  Father Peters, a Jesuit, and several Popish Lords, sat in the Privy Council, and some Popish Judges on the bench.   The Pope sent a Nuncio from Rome, who was suffered to make his public entry in defiance of our constitution.  These barefaced practices made the Protestant party think it high time to check the growth of popery.  Hereupon the Prince of Orange was requested to vindicate his consort's right, and that of the three nations.   In the beginning of this reign the Duke of Monmouth was proclaimed King in the West, in opposition to King James; but his party being defeated, he was beheaded July 15, 1685.  Judge Jeffries (36) [later known as "the Hanging Judge"] was afterwards sent by the King to try those who had assisted the Duke, of whom he hanged no less than 600, glorying in his cruelty, and affirming, that he had hanged more than all the Judges since William the Conqueror.  The  Chevalier St. George [James Francis Edward Stuart (son of James II.), called "The (Old) Pretender"] was born July 10, 1688, two days after the bishops were imprisoned. -- The Prince of Orange landed at Torbay Nov. 5, and King James abdicated the crown, and went over to France, Dec. 23.  Hereupon an interregnum ensued till the 13th of February, 1688-9, when William and Mary, Prince and Princess of Orange, were offered the Crown, and accepted it.

WILLIAM III. and MARY II. succeeded James II. upon the vote of the Convention.  The day after their arrival in London, which was Feb. 13, 1688-9, they were seated under a canopy of state in the Banqueting-house, and both Houses of Convocation waited upon them, proffering them the crown in the names of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the Commons, assembled at Westminster: Accordingly they were proclaimed King and Queen of Great-Britain the following day, and solemnly crowned at the Abbey on the 21st of April.  Several plots were formed against the King, but all of them proved abortive.  He carried out a war with France, (37) and with King James's party in Ireland, for nine years successively, till at last France was obliged to acknowledge him lawful King of Great-Britain, in the peace of Ryswic, 1697.  He died March 8, 1701, aged 51, after he had survived his consort Mary Stuart, daughter to James II. five years, who died Dec. 21, 1696, and whose funeral was performed with great elegance and solemnity.  July 2, 1700, William Duke of Gloucester, the only surviving issue of Princess Anne of Denmark, departed this life at Windsor, aged twelve years.  And King James died at St. Germains in Sept. 1721.

ANNE,  second daughter to James II. succeeded King William, whose death was joy to France, but a great misfortune to England. -- Anne was born Feb. 6, 1664, and married George Prince of Denmark, who was High Admiral of England, and a happy assistant to her in steering the ship of state.  She was crowned Queen of Great-Britain April 23, 1702.   On the 4th of May following war was proclaimed at London, Vienna, and the Hague, against France and Spain.  The success of this war is worthy admiration [sic], and almost incredible.  The conquest of the Spanish Guelderland [province in E. central Netherlands], the Electorate of Cologn [sic], and the Bishopric of Liege; the prodigious victory over the French and Bavarians at Blenheim, under the surprising conduct of the Duke of Marlborough; the retaking of Landau; the conquering all the estates of the Duke of (38) Bavaria in Germany; the forcing the French and Bavarians out of their lines in Brabant, which was deemed a thing impracticable; the battle of Ramillies; the victory at Oudenard; the taking of Lisle and Tournay; the defeat of the French army at Blarenies; the reducing of  Mons, &c. &c. are such events as will render her Majesty's reign famous to all posterity.  If we look towards Spain, how bold and successful was our attempt upon Vigo, where we took and destroyed their whole plate fleet, both men of war and others, to the amount of 38 sail, of which not one escaped:  Did we not also take Gibraltar with a small force in one morning, and keep possession of it against the joint strength of France and Spain?  Barcelona likewise being taken by the English and Dutch, under the conduct of the Earl of Peterborough, was soon after besieged by King Philip with a great army, which was soon forced to a shameful retreat into France.  Hereupon Catalonia, Arragon, Valencia, and other provinces, submitted to Charles III. [Archduke Charles of Austria, styling himself Charles III. of Spain; not to be confused with Charles III. of Spain, who came later] by the influence of her Majesty's arms.  Who could have expected the dismal turn of the affairs of France and Italy, which happened in 1707, by the powerful interest of England? -- A numerous army of French and Spaniards were destroyed before the walls of Turin, by the Duke of Savoy and Prince Eugene.  Thus Piedmont was abandoned, the Mantuan, the Milanese, the Modenese, Parmasan, and Montferrat, yielded up.

This Queen also brought about the strict union between England and Scotland, after sundry fruitless attempts of the same kind for a century past.  In short, the successes of her reign justly denominate her one of the most triumphant Monarchs of former ages, and her piety and virtue will ever be acknowledged by the British nation. The four last years of Queen Anne's reign were attended with much perplexity, which was owing to her Ministers, who prevailed upon her to consent to the peace of Utrecht;  and, 'tis said, her death was occasioned by her ill conduct, which she laid too much to heart [Wikipedia says it was gout, ending in erysipelas].  She died Aug. 1, 1714; and in her the succession of the Stuart line ended.

GEORGE I. who was heir-apparent to the crown of Great-Britain on the death of Queen Anne, and which had been confirmed to him some years before by various Acts of Parliament, and by a special article in the peace of Utrecht, was born 1666, and proclaimed King the very day Queen Anne expired.  He landed at Greenwich Sept. 18, 1714, and was crowned Oct. 20.  A thorough change in the ministry was made on his accession, wherein he distinguished his friends from his enemies [sounds familiar, doesn't it?]. --  Among the latter the chief were the Duke of Ormond, the Earl of Oxford, and the Viscount Bolingbroke, who were deemed to be firmly (40) attached to the interest of the Pretender.  In 1715 a plot was supposed to be brooding in the West, where several gentlemen were suspected of having a design to bring in the Pretender, and to place him on the throne of his ancestors.  He had already been proclaimed King of Scotland, by the Earl of Mar, against whom the Duke of Argyle marched.  On the 13th of November they came to a decisive battle near Dumblain, where the rebels were defeated, and put to flight.  At the same time a body of 5000 rebels assembled at Preston in Lancashire, headed by the Earl of Derwentwater, of whom General Wills, who commanded some of his Majesty's troops on the borders of Scotland, being informed, he marched directly against them, and obliged them to surrender prisoners of war.  They were afterwards sent up to London, and many of the ringleaders tried and condemned.  Among these were the Earls of Derwentwater and Kenmure, who were beheaded on Tower-Hill; several others were executed at Tyburn, and the remainder pardoned.  Some other conspiracies were formed against the King's person; but, by timely discovery, prevented from being carried into execution.  Aug. 2, 1718, the quadruple alliance was signed between their Imperial, Christian, and Britannic Majesties [encyclopedia.com lists these as Great Britain, France, the Holy Roman emperor, and the Netherlands];  and the Spanish fleet was destroyed in the Mediterranean by the English.  In 1720 Spain acceded to the quadruple alliance, and a fleet was sent into the Baltic in favour of Sweden.  This year (41) was also remarkable for the South-Sea scheme [the infamous "South-Sea Bubble", which historyhouse.com calls "the greatest of many stock market bubbles"], by which many families were deluded and entirely ruined; and the government was obliged to interpose, to prevent the ill consequences of the people's despair.  On enquiry into the affair it appeared, that besides stock-jobbers and directors some persons of distinction were concerned in it.  This fatal stroke to the British trade was in some measure remedied by the assiento [tiscali.co.uk gives the meaning as "contract; treaty, especially with Spain for supplying slaves to Spanish America"] contract, concluded at Madrid in 1722.  In the same year, the funeral of the Duke of Marlborough, who, since the accession of King George, had been restored to the honours he so justly deserved, was solemnized with great pomp.  In 1723, a conspiracy for raising an insurrection was discovered; hereupon the Duke of Norfolk, Lord North and Grey, the Bishop of Rochester, and Counsellor Layer, were taken into custody; after a long trial the Bishop was banished, and Layer was hanged.  In 1724, the Ostend East-India Company was established.  In 1725 the Hanover treaty was agreed to, between France, Great-Britain, and Prussia. -- June 11, 1727, George I. died at  Osnaburgh, in the very chamber where he was born, in the 67th year of his age, and the 13th year of his reign.

GEORGE II. was proclaimed as soon as as the news of his father's death came to London, and his coronation was solemnized in October following.  The new Parliament met on the 2d of January, and chose for their Speaker (42) Arthur Onslow, Esq. and loyal and affectionate addresses were presented to the King by both houses.  The land forces were fixed at 22,950 men, and the number of seamen at 15,000. --  An enquiry was made into the state of the public gaols, and from this it appeared that great cruelties and oppressions had been exercised on the prisoners, particularly on Sir William Rich, Baronet, who was found in the fleet prison loaded with irons, by order of the Warden.  For these and the like barbarities, Thomas Bambridge, the Warden, and several of his accomplices, were committed to Newgate.  In May, 1729, his Majesty declared his intentions of visiting his German dominions, and leaving the Queen as Regent.  His design in going to Germany was to compromise some differences that had lately arisen between the Regency of Hanover and the King of Prussia; and about this time the Duke of Mecklenburgh was deposed by the Emperor, for his cruelty, tyranny, and oppression.  By the fall of Emperors and Kings it is that we learn the Omnipotence of the Almighty, whose arm strengthens and supports the crown of the righteous and takes away the kingdom from unjust Princes.  About this time great licentiousness prevailed among all ranks of people, particularly among those of the lower class, who indulged themselves in every kind of wickedness; and among other methods of injuring their fellow subjects, circulated incendiary letters, demanding sums of money of (43) certain individuals, on pain of reducing their houses to ashes [see also www.infopt.demon.co.uk/grub/arson.htm];  this species of villainy had never been known before in England.  In the course of the summer seven Indian Chiefs were brought over to England.  In 1731 a duel was fought in the Green Park, between Sir William Pulteney and Lord Hervey, on account of a remarkable political pamphlet [see also en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pulteney,_1st_Earl_of_Bath].--  Lord Hervey was wounded, and narrowly escaped with his life.  The Latin tongue was abolished in all law proceedings, which were ordered for the future to be in English.  Rich. Norton, Esq. of Southwick, in Hampshire, left his estate of 600l. [600 pounds sterling] per annum, and a personal estate of 60,000l. [60,000 pounds sterling] to be disposed of in charitable uses by the Parliament.  One Smith, a book-binder, and his wife, being reduced to extreme poverty, hanged themselves at the same time, and by common consent, after having made away with their only child.

On the 27th of April, 1736, his Royal Highness Frederic, Prince of Wales, espoused Augusta, sister to the Duke of Saxe Gotha. --  In the course of this year a remarkable riot happened at Edinburgh, occasioned by the execution of one Wilson, a smuggler.  Porteus, captain of the city guard, a man of a brutal disposition, and abandoned morals, being provoked by the insults of the mob, commanded his soldiers to fire upon the crowd, by which precipitate orders several innocent persons were killed;  Porteus was tried and condemned to die, but obtained a reprieve from the Queen, (44) who was then Regent.  The mob, however, were [sic] determined to execute the sentence; they accordingly rose in a tumultuous manner, forced open the prison doors, dragged forth Porteus, and hanged him on a dyer's pole; after which they quietly dispersed.   On the 24th of May, 1738, the Princess of Wales was delivered of a Prince, who was christened by the name of George, now our most gracious Sovereign.  One Buchanan, a sailor, who had been condemned for murder, was cut down from the gallows by his companions, who actually brought him to life, and carried him off in triumph.

War was declared in form against Spain, at London and Westminster, Oct. 23, 1739.-- The same year Admiral Vernon destroyed Porto Bello, and the March following demolished Fort Chagre.  In 1740 there was a severe and lasting frost, which extended all over Europe, and occasioned a fair to be kept on the River Thames.  In 1741 Admiral Vernon, with a strong fleet, joined with General Wentworth, who had a considerable number of forces under his command, made an unsuccessful attempt on Carthagena [sic]; the greater part of the land forces being either killed or cut off by an epidemical distemper.   In 1742, Captain Middleton made a fruitless attempt to discover the North West passage into the South Seas.  The year following the battle of Dettingen was fought.  There was also this year a bloody engagement before Toulon, between the English (45) fleet and that of the French and Spaniards; when that brave commander Captain Cornwall was killed in the Marlborough, after a most resolute and surprising resistance.  Commodore Anson returned to England, having made a voyage round the globe; and war was mutually declared between England and France.

In 1745 the battle of Fontenoy was fought, in which the French had the advantage, which was followed by the taking of Tournay.  A rebellion broke out in Scotland; the rebels defeated Sir John Cope, at Preston Pans, came forward into England, took Carlisle, and marched to Derby, from whence they were obliged to make a precipitate retreat, being closely pursued by the Duke of Cumberland, who retook Carlisle.   When the rebels were returned into Scotland, they defeated the King's forces under General Hawley, near Falkirk, and laid siege to Stirling, but raised it on the Duke's approach.  This year Cape-Breton was taken by Admiral Warren.  In 1746 the memorable battle of Culloden, in Scotland, was fought, wherein the rebels were totally destroyed: The Earls of Balmerino and Kilmarnock, with Mr. Ratcliff, brother to the late Earl of Derwentwater, were taken prisoners, and beheaded on Tower-Hill; as was Lord Lovat in the year following.  Now also the French took all Dutch Flanders, and there was a battle between them and part of the allied army, after which the latter retreated under the cannon of Maestricht.  Admirals (46) Anson and Warren, after a hot engagement, took several French men of war in the Mediterranean, among which was the ship in which their Admiral sailed.  In 1748 a Congress was held at Aix-la-Chapelle for a general pacification, and the articles of peace therein agreed to were signed in April.

A Bill was passed for the encouragement of the British herring fishery; and a proclamation issued for inciting disbanded soldiers and sailors to settle in Nova Scotia.  Mr. Pelham now lowered the interest of money in the funds, first to three and a half per cent. [sic] afterwards to three.  The importation of iron from America was allowed; and the African trade laid open.

In the year 1752, the French spirited up the Indians against our colonies of Nova Scotia, and built a chain of forts on the back of our American settlements.  This occasioned a new war, carried on with great cruelty in those parts.  Monckton drove the French from their encroachments in Nova Scotia; and General Johnson gave them a defeat; but Braddock, through his own rashness, was defeated and slain.  The English took many ships from the enemy, without declaring war.

In 1756, the Hessians and Hanoverians were brought over, to the number of ten thousand.  Presently after Minorca was taken by the French; and Admiral Byng was shot at Portsmouth for not having relieved it.  On the 17th of May, war was declared in form, and the (47) King entered into a treaty with the Empress of Russia [Elizabeth Petrovna] for the security of Hanover; and afterwards into an alliance with Prussia.  This was followed by an unnatural [sic] treaty between France and the Queen of Hungary, to which the Empress of Russia acceded.  And a war [The Seven Years' War; according to Wikipedia, Winston Churchill described it as the "first world war"] was kindled by the intrigues of France between  Prussia and Sweden; while the Elector of Saxony favoured the Austrians.  The King of Prussia therefore entered Saxony, and obliged the Saxon troops at Pirna to surrender prisoners of war.   He invaded Bohemia, defeated the Austrian General, and gained another victory near Prague.  But attacking the Austrians at a disadvantage near Kolin, he was defeated, and obliged to raise the siege of Prague.

The French now passed the Weser, and drove the Hanoverians before them.  They made a stand however at Hastenbeck, under the Duke of Cumberland [Prince William Augustus, a younger son of George II], where they were attacked, and forced to retreat towards Stade, and laid down their arms in consequence of the treaty of Closterseven.

In the East-Indies we were also successful; for, by Colonel Clive's vigilance and courage, the province of Arcot [sometimes called Carnatic, near Chennai, in Tamil Nadu] was cleared of the enemy, the French general taken prisoner, and the favourite Nabob, whom we supported, was reinstated in his government.  But some months after, the Viceroy of Bengal declared against the English, and took Calcutta by assault.  Here one hundred and forty-six persons were crowded into a narrow prison, called (48) the Black-Hole, where they were suffocated for want of air, only twenty-three surviving; several of whom died by putrid fevers, after they were set free.

The Dutch at Batavia now dispatched seven armed ships to Bengal, having eleven hundred land forces, with orders strongly to fortify their settlement at Chincura, and secure the salt-petre trade to themselves.   But the ships were all taken by three English East-India ships, which were in the river, and their troops were totally defeated at land by Colonel Ford.

Colonel Coote also took the city of Wandewash [now Wandiwash], reduced the fortress of Carangoly, and defeated Lally [Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally].  This was followed by the surrender of the city of Arcot.  Pondicherry now sustained a siege in turn, and the French therein were reduced to feed on dogs and cats.  Eight crowns were given for the flesh of a dog.  At length the English took possession of the place.  And this conquest terminated the power of France in India.

Mr. Pitt was at the head of the English Ministry, when Louisbourg in Cape Breton was besieged by General Amherst, and surrendered by capitulation.  The French lost a fine navy in the harbour.  Fort Du Quesne [Pennsylvania] also was taken.  But the operations against Crown Point and Ticonderoga [both in New York] miscarried.

The year 1759 was remarkable for the conquest of Canada.  The French deserted Crown Point and Ticonderoga, which were possessed by General Amherst.  Sir William Johnson (49) defeated them, and became master of the Fort of Niagara.  And the Admirals Saunders, Holmes, and Durel, sailed for Quebec, attended by a land army, under General Wolfe.  In the battle which ensued, both Wolfe and Montcalm, the chief commanders on each side, were slain, and Quebec surrendered.

In 1760 the French forces endeavoured to recover Quebec, but the place was relieved by an English fleet under Lord Colvill.   Montreal submitted to General Amherst, and that extensive country fell totally under the power of Great Britain; a larger territory than ever was subject to the Roman empire.  The prodigious march of Amherst, on this occasion, can be compared only to that of Jenghiz Can [now usually written Genghis Khan], or Tamerlane, who over-ran all Asia with their Tartars.

In Europe the operations of war were astonishing, and the great efforts of the King of Prussia secured his safety beyond all human expectation.  Almost the whole power of the Continent was united against him.  The King of Great Britain, his only ally, seemed inclined to forsake him.  In this terrible situation he relied on his natural subjects, and still adhered to his fortitude.  Yet he expostulated warmly, and his expostulations at last succeeded.

The French forces, and those of the Imperialists, had made a successful campaign in the summer; yet seemed determined that the rigour of the winter should not interrupt their proceedings.  In the depth of it, they laid siege (50) to Leipsic [Leipzig], and were confident of carrying that important city.  This greatly alarmed his Prussian Majesty.  He contrived his measures so artfully, as to appear before the place when he was least expected.  Vanquished as he was, the terror of his arms raised the siege.  The French army, though greatly superior in number, rose and retreated with precipitation.

His Prussian Majesty, not satisfied with having raised the siege of Leipsic, followed the French army, whose fears, he imagined, would befriend him.  He came up with them near a little village, called Rosbach [Rossbach, where Wikipedia says that "Frederick the Great defeated the allied armies of France and the Holy Roman Empire"]. An action came on, and he obtained one of the most signal victories recorded in history.  Had not the night saved them, their whole army had been devoted to destruction.

In another part of the empire the Austrians were again victorious, and took the Prince of Bevern, the King of Prussia's Generalissimo, prisoner.  The King himself, in the depth of winter, made a march of two hundred miles, and engaged the enemy in the neighbourhood of Breslau, the capital of Silesia.  He was much inferior in strength, but his forces were disposed  with such admirable judgment [sic], that he gained a compleat [sic] victory, in which he took fifteen thousand prisoners.  Breslau itself, after the battle, surrendered to the Conqueror, tho' it had a garrison of ten thousand men.  These successes disheartened his enemies, and raised the spirit of his friends.

The magnanimous King of Prussia now began to fight with his enemies upon more equal terms.  He attacked them every where, was attended for the most part with remarkable success, and rarely met with any considerable disadvantage.  He carried on the campaign throughout the winter, escaped many dangers, was exhausted by no fatigues, nor terrified by any numbers.

England is so happily situated, that she has little need to concern herself with the disturbances on the Continent.  Yet the people in general at this time seemed in a disposition to encourage and assist the German subjects of their King.

At the meeting of the Parliament, the reasonableness of engaging in a war upon the Continent was taken into consideration, and admitted.  Liberal supplies were granted, to enable the army, now collected in the King's Hanoverian dominions, to act with vigour, in conjunction with the King of Prussia.  Supplies were also granted to his Prussian Majesty.

A spirit of enterprise now seemed to animate all ranks of people.  A body of British forces was sent into Germany, under the command of the Duke of Marlborough, to assist Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick and the Hanoverians; and who afterwards behaved with great bravery.

The English fleet in the mean time invaded France, and burnt the French shipping at St. Malo's.  It then moved towards Cherburgh [now written Cherbourg], (52) but was obliged by the weather to return home.

On the 1st of August, 1758, the fleet under Commodore Howe, with the transports, again set sail for Cherburgh.  They landed with little opposition from the French, and entered the town.  Immense sums had been there laid out upon the fortifications, and the harbour was one of the strongest in Europe.  The work of all this labour and expence [sic] was now totally destroyed by the English, who found more difficulty in demolishing than in conquering the place.  All the ships in the harbour were burnt, and a contribution raised upon the town.

On the 16th of August, the British fleet and army having remained in France unmolested for ten days, set sail for Cherburgh, and carried off all the brass cannon and mortars taken there.

The English troops landed again in the Bay of St. Lunar, in the neighbourhood of St. Malo, but found it impracticable to make any impression upon the place.  While the troops were ashore the Commodore found himself obliged, from the danger of the coast, to move up to the Bay of St. Cas, about three leagues to the westward; while the army marched over land to the same place, where they all embarked, except the last division, consisting of the grenadiers of the army, and the first regiment of guards.  These were attacked by the Duke d'Aiguillon, Governor of Brittany, (53) at the head of twelve battalions, and six squadrons of regulars, besides two regiments of militia, against whom, though they made a most gallant resistance, about six hundred of them were killed, and four hundred taken prisoners, not being able to reach the boats.

The English had already made themselves masters of Senegal and Goree [Gorée], in Africa; and though they had now lost Minorca, yet they remained victorious in the Mediterranean, and continued to ruin the French marine.

Towards the end of the year, a squadron of nine ships of the line, with sixty transports, containing six regiments of foot, was fitting out for the conquest of Martinico [now written Martinique]. But tho' a conquest of that island was judged, after a slight attempt, to be impracticable, they achieved the more important reduction of Guadaloupe [now written Guadeloupe].

On the 28th of July, the Hereditary Prince was detached with six thousand men to cut off the enemy's communication with Paderborn.  And on the 29th, Prince Ferdinand advanced from his camp on the Weser, leaving a body of troops under Wangenheim, on the borders of that river.

The next day was fought the battle of Minden, as glorious to the English, as those of Cressy [Crécy] and Agincourt had been to their ancestors.  The centre of the French was entirely composed of horse, who attacked six English regiments, supported by two battalions of Hanoverian guards.  These sustained the whole (54) shock of the battle, and, to the amazement of the German General himself, obtained a compleat victory.  The French lost seven thousand men, and the English twelve hundred.

The French were greatly disappointed in their views by sea this year.  Thurot, a marine freebooter [www.isle-of-man.com describes him as "French naval captain and one time smuggler with Manx connections"], with three ships and a considerable body of land forces, landed in Ireland, and alarmed the people of Carrickfergus [he attacked it and held it for 7 days] .  Putting to sea again, he was met by three British frigates, of a force inferior to his own, and after a severe encounter he was killed, and his ships led in triumph by the English commanders to the Isle of Man.

A grand fleet was intended to invade England, under Marshal Conflans and the Duke d'Aiguillon; but this fleet was ruined by Admiral Hawke on the 20th of November.

In the year 1760, Lord George Sackville was tried by a court-martial for his conduct in the battle of Minden, and declared incapable of serving his Majesty for the future in any military capacity whatever [Wikipedia calls this "one of the strangest or strongest verdicts ever rendered against a general officer"]; he was however afterwards raised to the highest civil employments, being secretary of state to George III. and having a considerable share in those unfortunate councils, which severed for ever thirteen provinces from the crown of England.  On the 5th of May, Lawrence Shirley, Earl Ferrers, was hanged at Tyburn for the murder of Mr. Johnson, his steward.  On the 25th of October, between seven and eight o'clock in the morning, died King George II. in the 77th (55) year of his age, and the 34th of his reign.  He had risen at his usual hour, called his page, drunk his chocolate, and inquired about the wind, as if anxious for the arrival of foreign mails; soon after which he fell speechless on the ground, and being laid on his bed, expired in a few minutes.

GEORGE III. grandson of George II. and eldest son of the late Frederick Prince of Wales, succeeded to the throne, and was proclaimed King on the day after the death of his grand father.  He was married on the 8th of September, 1761, to his Queen, Charlotte, Princess of Mecklenburgh Strelitz, and they were solemnly crowned together on the 22d of the same month.

The war was still carried on betwixt France and England, in Germany, when Augsburgh was pitched upon by both parties as a proper place to negociate [sic] a peace in; and, with respect to the disputes in America, Mr. Bussey was named by the French Court to repair to London, as Mr. Stanley was by the English to treat at Paris.

The former of these offers a memorial [I assume we would say "memoir" today] to the British minister, importing that the King of Spain apprehended a new war, unless the British court would make satisfaction to Spain for ships taken under Spanish colours; permit the claim of Spain to a share in the Newfoundland fishery; and destroy the English fortifications in the bay of Honduras.  This put an end to the negociation.

The French and Spanish courts now entered into a Family Compact, in which the two Sicilies were included; the most extraordinary treaty which this age can produce; it being a consolidation of the rights and interests of the two crowns and their subjects in all respects, but those relating to the Spanish American commerce.

Mr. Pitt, the British minster, gained intelligence of the family compact, and made strong remonstrances at the council-board for an immediate declaration of war against Spain, which were not relished.  On this Mr. Pitt resigned.

The flota [www.suite101.com translates this as 'treasure fleet'] arrived in the bay of Cadiz, and the Spaniards resolved on a war with England. 

January 2, 1762, his Britannic Majesty's proclamation of war against Spain was published in London.  And the King of Spain proclaimed war against England on the 16th of the same month.

The French and Spaniards insisted upon the King of Portugal's taking part in the war against England.  He declined the invitation, and vindicated his alliance with England.

The Spanish army marched towards the frontiers of Portugal, and all commerce between the two kingdoms was prohibited.  And war was declared by the King of Spain against that kingdom on the 15th of June.

Many English officers repaired to the assistance of the King of Portugal, and were followed by large supplies of troops, artillery, arms, provisions, and money.

A small army of English and Portuguese take the field.  Count La Lippe is sent over to command them.  Brigadier Burgoyne [now written Bourgoyne]  surprizes [sic] Valenca d'Alcantara in Spain, and destroys one of their best regiments there.  A sejeant [sic] and six men only engage a Spanish subaltern with twenty-five dragoons, unbroken, kill six of their men, and bring in the rest prisoners, with every horse of the party.  Soon after Brigadier Burgoyne and Colonel Lee surprize the Spanish camp at Villa Vehla [should be Vila Velha]; and the Spaniards are obliged to leave Portugal, and to make winter quarters in their own country.

On the 12th of August, his Royal Highness George Augustus-Frederick, Prince of Wales, was born.

The English take Martinico and Granada [now written Grenada] from the French, and the city of Havannah [Havana], in the island of Cuba, from the Spaniards.  This induces both powers to think of peace, for which a negociation was set on foot; and the negociators on all sides having adjusted the points in dispute between Great Britain and Portugal on the one side, and  France and Spain on the other, a definitive treaty was signed at Paris on the 10th of Feb. 1763; by which peace was once more restored to Europe.

STATES.	COUNTIES.
1.   Danmonii,	Cornwall and Devon.
2.   Durotriges,	Dorset.
3.   Belgæ,	Somerset, Wilts, and the north part of Hants.
4.   Attrebatii,	Berks.
5.   Regni,	Surrey, Sussex, and the south part of Hants.
6.   Cantii,	Kent.
7.   Trinobantes,	Middlesex, Hertfordshire, & Essex.
8.   Iceni,	Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, and Huntingdon.
9.   Catieuchlani,	Bucks and Bedford.
10.  Dobuni,	Gloucester and Oxford.
11.  Silures,	Hereford, Monmouth, Radnor, Brecon, & Glamorgan.
12.   Dimetæ,	Carmarthen, Pembroke, and Cardigan.

STATES.	COUNTIES.
13.  Ordovices,	Flint, Denbigh, Merioneth, Montgomery, & Carnarvon.
14.  Cornavii,	Chester, Salop, Stafford, Warwick, and Worcester.
15.  Coritani,	Lincoln, Nottingham, Derby, Leicester, Rutland, and Northampton.
16.  Brigantes,	York, Lancaster, Westmoreland, Cumberland, & Durham.
17.  Ottadini,	Northumberland.

The second was the kingdom of the South Saxons, founded by Ella in 491, and contained the counties of Sussex and Surrey, whose principal city was Chichester.  It continued about 109 years, and ended about the year 600; having only five monarchs, of whom two were Pagans, and three Christians: it was mostly under the power of the Kings of Kent, and the West Saxons.

FRANCE is one of the finest and largest countries in Europe, lies in the middle of the Temperate Zone, is washed by the ocean to the west, by the Mediterranean Sea to the South, joins to the Low Countries to the North, Germany and Italy lie to the East, and Spain to the South.  Its length and breadth is about 225 leagues each.  Its chief city is Paris; there are ten universities, and many very stately palaces, the chief of which is that at Versailles, about eleven miles from Paris, where their Kings used to reside.  It abounds with all the necessaries of life, which made the Emperor Maximilian say, "That if it were possible he himself were God, his eldest son should succeed him, and the second should (102) "be King of France."  The common people were reckoned industrious, and the better sort very polite, well bred, extremely gay in dress, and civil to strangers, till their late wonderful revolution destroyed all distinctions, and involved them in a contest with the rest of Europe;  which seems to have reversed their manners, and renders it impossible to say what will in future be the distinguishing traits of the national character, when they shall again cultivate the arts of peace.  Their commodities are brandy, wine, salt, silks, linen and woollen, hemp, canvas, paper, soap, almonds, olives, &c.  To take a view of the country, their fields are long and open, intermixed with corn and vines, and every hedge so beset with choice fruits, that eyes can hardly have fairer objects.

'Twas in this country that Master Tommy Courtly and his sister, who went over with their papa, learnt all that good manners and genteel behaviour, which made every body love and admire them so much at their return home; which had such an effect on their brother Jack, (who was a rude, ill-natured, slovenly boy), that he soon grew better; and to prevent himself being utterly despised, and turned out of doors, by his papa and mamma, for his undutiful behaviour, he immediately mended his manners, and in a very little time was beloved and admired, almost equally with his brother Tommy.  It has now, however, ceased to be the school of Europe; and as the late extraordinary events, which brought their (103) Monarch to the block, and occasioned the people to declare for a Republican government, have been attended with a total loss of trade, and the destruction of the arts, it must be many years before travellers can again visit this country with hope of similar advantages.

---

GERMANY is a large, fruitful, and pleasant country, which has the title of an Empire.  It is bounded on the North by the Baltic Sea, Denmark, and the German Ocean;  on the East by Hungary, Prussia, and Poland; on the South by the Alps; on the West by the Netherlands, Lorrain, and French Compte [today Franche-Compté].  It is divided into higher and lower; (104) its whole length is about 840 Italian miles, and breadth about 740; the soil is very fertile, and furnishes every thing necessary; the chief rivers are the Danube, the Rhine, Elbe, Oder, and Weser. -- Tacitus, speaking of the Ancient Germans, says, -- "They sung [sic] when they marched to fight, and judged of the success by the shouts and huzzas at the onset.  Their wives, as martial as themselves, accompanied them to the war to dress their wounds, and provide them with necessaries.  They esteemed nothing so infamous as to throw away or lose their shield.  They buried the bodies of their noblemen on a funeral pile, with their arms and horse."  The Germans of our age are laborious [hard-working], simple [straightforward], and brave, but ready to serve for money, constant in their religion, true friends, open enemies.

The inventions of printing, gunpowder, and fire-arms are attributed to them.  There are above three hundred different Sovereignties in Germany, most of which are subject to the supreme head, the Emperor, who is chosen by the nine Electors, viz. the Archbishops of Mentz, Triers, and Cologn; the King of Bohemia; the Duke of Bavaria; the Duke of Saxony; the Marquis of Brandenburgh, (King of Prussia); the Prince Palatine of the Rhine; and the Elector of Hanover, (King of England).  The Electors are the principal members of the Empire, and absolute Sovereigns in their own dominions.  Their religion, for the greatest part, is Popery; but in several states and cities, (105) particularly Prussia, the Protestant prevails.  The chief city is Vienna, in the Dukedom of Austria, which is the seat of the Emperor.

---

HOLLAND and  FLANDERS, which are called the Seven Provinces, and the Netherlands, are inhabited by the Dutch.

This country is also in Germany, though mostly independent of the Empire;  the greatest part belongs to the Dutch, part to the French, and part to the Emperor:  Its capital city is Amsterdam, a place of vast trade and riches.  The air is moist and foggy; the country, lying low, is naturally wet and fenny, and employed chiefly in grazing of cattle; little corn grows there, but they import abundance from other countries; the soil is fertile, the natural pro- (106) duce is chiefly butter and cheese, in which their trade has been great, but that of herrings the most considerable; and they had manufactures of various kinds, carrying on a prodigious trade to most parts of the world. They are a plain and frugal people, and very laborious.  Their form of government was very peculiar; but their independence having been absorbed in the vortex of the French revolution, it is uncertain what form it may assume in a short period.   Their language is a dialect of the German.  The reformed religion, according to the doctrines of Calvin, is the established one, though all are tolerated.

---

A Turkish Man and Woman in their proper Habits.

An Account of TURKEY.

BARBARY is bounded by Egypt on the east, Mount Atlas on the south, the Atlantic Ocean on the west, and the Mediterranean to the north.  Though this country be under the Torrid Zone, yet the mountains (125) and sea coasts, between the Straits of Gibraltar and Egypt, are more cold than hot.  The men of this country are allowed many wives though they seldom are married to more than one.  The women are always veiled in the presence of men; so that a man knows no more of the beauty of the woman he marries, than what he learns from her parents, till they are actually married.  The people are of a good mild humour, and such as live abroad under tents, as the Arabians or shepherds, are laborious, valiant, and liberal; but they who live in cities are proud, covetous, and revengeful; and though they traffic much, know but very little, and have neither banks nor bills of exchange.  Their commodities are beef, hides, linen, and cotton; raisins, figs, and dates.  It is a rich country, and governed, part of it, as Fez and Morocco, by Kings; and the other, as Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, by Bashaws from the Grand Seignior [sic].   As for religion, they have the Christian, Jewish, and Mahometan, and they who live in the mountains and fields with their flocke [sic], which are a great number, have hardly any at all.  When any one dies, his friends have women that cry and scratch their faces, and take on seemingly with great grief for the deceased.  They live mostly on rice, beef, veal, mutton; but wine is forbidden by Mahomet's law.

THE air of this country is very hot, so that the people are forced to keep in their little huts, or seek refreshment in caverns, the most part of the day; these desarts have a great number of lions, tigers, and ostriches.  The inhabitants are unpolished, savage, and very bold, for they will stand and meet the fiercest lion or tiger.  They are divided into families or clans, each head of a family is sovereign in his own canton, and the eldest is always head; they follow the Mahometan religion, but are no strict observers of it.  The country is a mere desart, as the name imports, and so parched for want of water, that the caravans from Morocco to Negroland are obliged to carry both water and provisions, the province producing hardly any thing for the support of life.

THIS country lies along the river Niger, on both sides of it, between Zaara and Guinea.  It contains fourteen kingdoms. ---  The inhabitants of the sea coast are somewhat civilized by their commerce with the Portuguese; but those that dwell up higher in the country are savage and brutal.  They are continually at war with one another, and all the prisoners they take in war they sell for slaves.  They sow neither wheat nor barley, but only millet; and their chief food is roots and nuts, pease and beans.  The country is surrounded with woods, and abounds with (128) elephants.  They have no wine, but a pleasant sort of liquor, which they get from a certain sort of palm trees, in this manner --- they give three or four strokes with a hatchet on the trunk of a tree, and set vessels to receive the distilling juice, which is very sweet, but in a few days grows strong, yet will not keep long, for in fifteen days it grows sour.  One tree will yield near a gallon in twenty-four hours.  The commodities of this country are gold, ostrich feathers, amber, gums, civit [sic], elephants teeth, and red-wood.

THIS part of the world is not fully discovered by the Europeans.  The soil is sandy and barren, the air healthful and temperate, but not a little subject to hurricanes, thunder and lightning.  There are some silver mines, turquoise, emeralds, crystal, &c.  The natives are naturally good and civil, governed by a captain named Casich [Probably "cacique"? Wikipedia.com says "cacique" is a tribal chief in Latin America, particularly of the Spanish West Indies and Brazil from the 16th century. The term is a Spanish or Portuguese variation of the Taíno word cacike or the Arawak word kassequa, both meaning "chieftain"], whom they choose themselves.  They are given to idolatry, and some adore the sun, others believe in a God, and some of them have no religion at all.

FLORIDA is a large and fruitful country in North America, bounded on the north-east by Carolina, on the south, and some part of the west, by New Galicia [comprised roughly the present states of Jalisco and Nayarit with S. Sinaloa, in W. Mexico] and some countries not yet discovered. The air is very temperate, and soil extremely fertile, and produces grain, herbs, and fruit in great abundance. --- Ferdinando Soto, after the conquest of Peru, entered this country May 25, 1538, and gave it the name Florida, because the flowers were then on the ground, but died of grief, for being disappointed of the treasures which he expected.  The native inhabitants were extirpated by the Spaniards, who disregarded every principle of humanity when the security of their acquisitions in the New World was in question; but this fine country was conquered from them by the English, to whom it was confirmed by the peace of Paris [in 1763]; its importance was however never sufficiently considered by them, and to gratify the jealousy of Spain it was restored to her at the peace of 1783 [in separate preliminary articles to the 1783 treaty of Paris]. --- It was divided into East and West: St. Augustine and Pensacola are its chief towns; and its commodities furs, pearls, and the most delicious fruits.  The Spaniards regard it as forming a desirable frontier between them and the United States of America; but as the soil and climate are inferior to none in the world, it will doubtless one day emerge from its obscurity, become populous, and hold a high rank in the world [good prediction - especially with retirees!].

CANADA is the chief province now possessed by the English in America; it is bounded by New Britain [in the Schreibers map of the 1740s, Nouvelle Bretagne is given as an alternate name for the Labrador] and Honduras Bay on the North and East [this probably refers to the earlier bounds of New France, which included Louisiana]; by Nova Scotia, New England, and New York on the South; and by some of the great lakes, the new settlements of the United States, and the yet remaining possessions of the native Indians, on the West.  The soil and climate are not very different from those of New England,  though it has a much severer winter; but the air is very clear, the summer hot and pleasant. --- The meadow grounds are well watered, yield excellent grass, and breed vast numbers of cattle.

This country was originally settled by the French; and in so doing Louis XIV. seems to have formed the vast design of consolidating all North America under his dominion: the English, under Wolf [sic], Amherst, and Monkton [sic], conquered it in the years 1759 and 1760; and it was confirmed to us [the British] at the peace of 1763. --- The inhabitants were guaranteed in all their privileges; and the Roman Catholic religion is yet the most prevalent, though all others are tolerated.  It has been lately divided into two provinces, Upper and Lower Canada, each having its separate government and legislature.  Its trade and population are annually and rapidly increasing.

Quebec, its capital, is situated at the confluence of the rivers St. Laurence and St. Charles, about 320 miles from the sea, and is very strong both by nature and art; when taken by the immortal Wolfe it was supposed to contain about 15,000 inhabitants, independent of the garrison, and has since had considerable additions.  The trade between Canada and England, the greater part of which centers here, is supposed to employ eight sail of shipping, and near 2000 seamen.

THE works of the cruel, though ingenious and enterprising Semiramis, next command our wonder and admiration.  These consisted of the walls erected about Babylon, and the pleasant gardens formed for her own delight.  This immense, or rather inconceivable profusion of art and expence [sic], employed 30,000 men for many years successively, so that we need not wonder when we are told by historians, that these walls were 300 or 350 stadia in circumference (which amount to 22

English miles), fifty cubits high [25 yards, or about 23 metres], and so broad that they could afford room for two or three coaches a-breast without any danger.  Though ancient records give us no particular accounts of the gardens, yet we may reasonably presume, that if so much time and treasure were laid out upon the walls, the gardens must not have remained without their peculiar beauties: thus 'tis more than probable that the gardens of Semiramis charmed the wondering eye with unbounded prospect, consisting of regular vistas, agreeable avenues, fine parterres, cool grottos and alcoves, formed for the delicious purposes of love, philosophy, retirement, or the gratification of any other passion, to which great and good minds are subject.

THE last, most elegant, and curious of all these works, known by the name of the Seven Wonders, was the incomparable statue (159) of Jupiter Olympus, erected by the Elians, a people of Greece, and placed in a magnificent temple consecrated to Jupiter.  This statue represented Jupiter sitting in a chair, with his upper part naked, but covered down from the girdle, in his right hand holding an eagle, and in his left a sceptre.  This statue was made by the celebrated Phidias, and was 150 cubits high [225 feet].  The body is said to have been of brass, and the head of pure gold.  Caligula endeavoured to get it transported to Rome, but the persons employed in that attempt were frightened from their purpose by some unlucky accident.

---

 

Thus having given an Account of the Seven Wonders of the World, let us take a View of the Burning Mountains, or Volcanos, called Mount Vesuvius and Mount Ætna; than which there is, perhaps, nothing in the whole Course of Nature more worthy our Notice [sic] , or so capable of raising our Admiration; and which, when considered in a religious sense, may, with Justice, be said to be one of the wonderful Works of GOD.

---

MOUNT VESUVIUS stands about six miles from the city of Naples, and on the side of the Bay towards the East.  The plains round it form a beautiful prospect, and on one side are seen fruitful trees of different kinds, and vineyards that produce the most excellent wine; but when one ascends higher, on the side which looks to the South, the face of things is entirely changed, and one sees a tract of ground, which presents only images of horror, viz. a desolate country covered with ashes, pumice-stones, and cinders; together with rocks burned up with the fire, and split into dreadful precipices.  It is reckoned four miles high, and the top of it is a wide naked plain, smoking with sulphur in many places; in the midst of which plain stands (161) another high hill, in the shape of a sugar-loaf, on the top of which is a vast mouth or cavity, that goes shelving down on all sides about a hundred yards deep, and about four hundred over; from whence proceeds a continual smoke, and sometimes those astonishing and dreadful eruptions of flame, ashes, and burning matter, that fill the inhabitants around with consternation, and bear down and destroy all before it.  Among the many eruptions which it has had, at different times, we need instance only one, which happened on the fifth of June, 1717, and is thus related by Mr. Edward Berkley, who was present at the time, in his letter to Dr. Arbuthnot in England, viz. That he with much difficulty, reached the top of Vesuvius on the 17th of April, 1717, where says he, I saw a vast aperture full of smoke, and heard within that horrid gulph certain odd sounds, as it were murmuring, sighing, throbbing, churning, dashing of waves; and, between while, a noise like that of thunder or cannon, attended constantly, from the belly of the mountain, with a clattering like that of tiles falling from the tops of houses into a street.   After an hour's stay, the smoke being moved by the wind, I could discern two furnaces, almost contiguous; one on the left, which seemed to be about three yards diameter, glowed with red flames, and threw up red hot stones with a hideous noise, which, as they fell back, caused the fore-mentioned clattering.

On May 8, ascending to the top of Vesuvius, I had a full prospect of the crater, which ap- (162) peared to be about a mile in circumference, and a hundred yards deep, with a conical mount in the middle of the bottom, made of stones thrown up and fallen back again into the crater:  And the left-hand furnace, mentioned before, threw up every three or four minutes, with a dreadful bellowing, a vast number of red hot stones, sometimes more than a 1000, but never less than 300 feet higher than my head, as I stood upon the brink, which fell back perpendicularly into the crater, there being no wind.  This furnace or mouth was in the vortex of the hill, which it had formed round it.  The other mouth was lower, in the side of the same new-formed hill, and filled with such red hot liquid matter as we see in a glass-house furnace, which raged and wrought as the waves in the sea, causing a short abrupt noise, like what may be imagined from a sea of quicksilver dashing among uneven rocks.  This stuff would sometimes spew over, and run down the convex side of the conical hill, and appearing at first red hot, it changed colour, and hardened as it cooled, shewing the first rudiments of an eruption, or an eruption in miniature:  All which I could exactly survey by the favour of the wind, for the space of an hour and a half; during which it was very observable, that all the vollies [sic] of smoke, flame, and burning stone, came only out of the hole to our left, while the liquid stuff in the other mouth worked and overflowed.

On June 5, after a horrid noise, the mountain was seen, at Naples, to spew a little out of (163) the crater, and so continued till about two hours before night on the 7th, when it made hideous bellowing, which continued all that night, and the next day till noon, causing all the windows, and, as some affirm, the very houses in Naples (about six miles distant) to shake.  From that time it spewed vast quantities of melted stuff to the South, which streamed down the side of the mountain, like a pot boiling over.

On the 9th, at night, a column of fire shot at intervals out of its summit.

On the 10th, the mountain grew very outrageous again, roaring and groaning most dreadfully, sounding like a noise made up of a raging tempest, the murmur of a troubled sea, and the roaring of thunder and artillery, confused altogether.  This moved my curiosity to approach the mountain.  Three or four of us were carried in a boat, and landed at Torre del Greco, a town situate at the foot of Vesuvius to the S.W. whence we rode between four and five miles before we came to the burning river, which was about midnight; and as we approached, the roaring of the volcano grew exceeding loud and terrible.   I observed a mixture of colours in the cloud over the crater, green, yellow, red, and blue.  There was likewise a ruddy dismal light in the air, over the tract of land where the burning river flowed; ashes continually showering on us all the way from the sea-coast, which horrid scene grew still more extraordinary, as we came nearer the stream.  Imagine a vast torrent of liquid fire rolling from the top down the side (164) of the mountain, and with irresistible fury bearing down and consuming vines, olives, fig-trees, houses, and, in a word, every thing that stood in its way.

Death, in a thousand forms, destructive frown'd,

And Woe, Despair, and Horror rag'd around.

miles high, and sixty in compass.  There are many of its furious eruptions recorded in history, some of which have proved very fatal to the neighbourhood; we shall instance only one, that began the 11th of March, 1669, and is thus described in the Philosophical Transactions [wikipedia.com states that this is a scientific journal published by the Royal Society; begun in 1665, it is the oldest scientific journal printed in the English-speaking world, and it is still being published], viz.

It broke out towards the evening, on the south-east side of the mountain, about twenty miles from the old mouth, and ten from the city of Catanea.  The bellowing noise of the eruption was heard a hundred miles off, to which distance the ashes were also carried.  The matter thrown out was a stream of metal and minerals, rendered liquid by the fierceness of the fire, which boiled up at the mouth like water at the head of a great river; and having run a little way, the extremity thereof began to crust and cruddle [obsolete term for "curdle"], turning into large porous stones, resembling cakes of burning sea-coal.  These came rolling and tumbling one over another, bearing down any common building by their weight, and burning whatever was combustible.  At first the progress of this inundation was at the pace of three miles in 24 hours, but afterwards scarcely a furlong [8th of a mile] in a day.  It thus continued for fifteen or sixteen days together, running into the sea close by the walls of Catanea, and at length over the walls into the city, where it did no considerable damage, except to a convent, which it almost destroyed.

In its course it overwhelmed fourteen towns and villages, containing three or four thousand inhabitants; and it is very remarkable, that (during the whole time of this eruption, which was fifty-four days), neither sun nor stars appeared.

But though Catanea had at this time the good fortune to escape the threatened destruction, it was almost totally ruined in 1692 by an earthquake, one of the most terrible in all history.  This was not only felt all over Sicily, but likewise in Naples and Malta.  The shock was so violent, that the people could not stand on their legs, and those that lay on the ground were tossed from side to side, as if upon a rolling billow.  The earth opened in several places, throwing up large quantities of water, and great numbers perished in their houses by the fall of rocks, rent from the mountains.   The sea was violently agitated, and roared dreadfully.  Mount Ætna threw up vast spires of flame, and the shock was attended with a noise exceeding the loudest claps of thunder.  Fifty-four cities and towns, with an incredible number of villages, were destroyed, or greatly damaged; and it was computed, that near 60,000 people perished in different parts of the island, very few escaping the general and sudden destruction.

There have been ten other eruptions, one of which, subsequent to the preceding in 1753, was a very large one.  Mr. Brydone, in his tour of Sicily and Malta, has given many ingenious particulars concerning it.

N.B.

A less Numerical Letter, set before a greater, takes away from the greater so many as the letter stands for; but being set after the greater, adds so many to it as the letter stands for. ---  For example, V stands for five alone, but put I before it, thus IV, and it stands for four; and put I on the other side, thus VI, and it stands for six.  So X alone stands for ten, but put I before it, thus IX, and it stands for nine; and put I to it on the other side, thus XI, and it becomes eleven.  So L stands for fifty; put X before it, thus XL, and it stands for forty, but put the X on the other side, thus LX, and it is sixty.  So C stands for one hundred, place X before it, thus XC, and it is but ninety; again, put the X on the other side, thus CX, and it is one hundred and ten.  So in all other cases.

SIR Francis Walsingham, towards the end of his life, grew very melancholy, and writ to the Lord Burleigh to this purpose: "We have lived long enough to our country,. to our fortunes, and to our Sovereign;  it is high time we begin to live to ourselves, and to our God."

Sir Henry Wotton, who had gone on several embassies, and was intimate with the greatest Princes, chose to retire from all, saying,  The utmost happiness a man could attain to, was to be at leisure to be, and to do good;  never reflecting on his former years, but with tears, he would say, "How much time have I to repent of! and how little to do it in!"

Philip III. King of Spain, seriously reflecting upon the life he had led in the world, cried out upon his death-bed, How happy were I, had I spent those twenty-three years that I have held my kingdom, in a retirement!  saying to his confessor, "My concern is for my soul, not my body."